As liver is the major site of iron storage, it is susceptible to damage from iron toxicity. It has been demonstrated that FERROUS SULFATE induces hepatic toxicity in rats. Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammation. Thus, the effects berberine on liver injury induced by FERROUS SULFATE was investigated in rat. Liver failure was induced by i.p. injection of FERROUS SULFATE (30 mg/Kg/day) for 14 day. In final blood samples collected for determination of the plasma creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentration. Then liver samples were removed and preserved for histological studies and estimation of lipid peroxidation. Berberine (10 mg/kg/day) was administered 14 days by gavage. FERROUS SULFATE caused a significant reduction in renal function, increase of lipid peroxidation, increase in liver inflammation, demonstrated by elevation in plasma levels of AST, ALT and ALP as well induction of hepatic histological damages. Berberine treatment reversed the parameters of liver injury, increase of lipid peroxidation and liver enzymes levels as well as reduced total hepatic histopathological scores. These data suggest the protective effect of Berberine against liver dysfunction induced by FERROUS SULFATE in rats.

Iron in excessive amounts may be toxic particularly to the liver since it is the major site of iron storage. The mechanisms by which excess iron exerts its cytotoxic effects include enhanced formation of free radicals and lipid peroxidation in organelle membranes. Since quercetin is a powerful antioxidant with radical scavenging ability, its effects on hepatic functional disorders and histological damages induced by FERROUS SULFATE was investigated in rat. Hepatic damage was induced by i.p. injection of FERROUS SULFATE (30 mg/Kg/day) for 14 day inmale wistar rats (210-250g). In final blood samples collected for determination of the serum protein, urea nitrogen (BUN), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentration. Then liver samples were removed and preserved for histological studies and estimation of lipid peroxidation. Quercetin (50 mg/kg/day) was injected (i.p.) for 10 days. FERROUS SULFATE caused a significant reduction in liver function, increased liver lipid peroxidation which correlated with elevated serum enzymes, AST, ALT and LDH as well induction of hepatic histological damages. Quercetin treatment reversed the parameters of liver dysfunction, increased lipid peroxidation and liver enzymes levels as well reduced total hepatic histopathological scores. These data indicate that quercetin reduces the FERROUS SULFATE-induced hepatic damage by lowering lipid peroxidation in rats.

Background: Iron deficiency and its resulting anemia is a common problem among Iranian pregnant women. In spite of iron supplementation program, yet, this problem has not resolved in many parts of the country. Zinc deficiency also is very common in Iran. This study evaluated the efficiency of concomitant zinc and iron therapy in the treatment of anemic pregnant Iranian women. Methods: A total of 118 anemic women were registered in this randomized controlled trial. Both groups received 100 mg elemental iron daily. The intervention group received an additional dose of 15mg zinc every day for a period of 12 weeks while the control group received placebo. Serum hemoglobin was measured at the beginig of study, after 12 weeks of treatment and at the end of 8 weeks follow-up. Collected data were analyzed with %95 significance level by ANOVA test for comparing baseline characteristics in the two groups and t-test was applied to assess hemoglobin changes in the intervention group. Results: After 12 weeks of therapy, desirable response was obtained in 78.35% and 93.1% (CI=95%) of anemic women in control and intervention group, respectively which showed a significant difference (P<0.05). Increase in serum hemoglobin just after 12 weeks of treatment was 2.22 ± 0.77 and 1.5 ± 0.66 (gr/dl) in intervention and control group respectively, (P<0.001). Serum hemoglobin differences in the two groups 8 weeks later (step2) when iron alone was administered to both groups were 2.24 ± 0.77 and 1.49 ± 0.66 (gr/dl) respectively. (P<001) Conclusion: this study clearly demonstrated the efficacy of this inexpensive and simple intervention in the treatment of anemia and prevention of its recurrence in anemic pregnant women.  

Iron-induced oxidative stress is widely accepted as a critical mediator of diverse forms of glomerular and tubulointerstitial renal disease. Oxidative stress can also exacerbate systemic inflammation. This study was designed to investigate the effects of quercetin, a powerful antioxidant with radical scavenging ability, in FERROUS SULFATE-induced renal injury in rats. The protective effect of quercetin against the damage inflicted by reactive oxygen species (ROS) during renal injury was investigated in male Wistar rats using histopathological and biochemical parameters. Renal injury was induced by i.p. injection of FERROUS SULFATE (30 mg/Kg/day) for 14 days. Quercetin (50 mg/kg/day) was injected (i.p.) for 11 days. In final blood samples were collected for later assay of their creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentration. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were determined in renal tissue, and the left kidney was removed and preserved for histological studies. FERROUS SULFATE caused deterioration of renal function, renal morphology and a significant renal oxidative stress. Treatment of animals with quercetin markedly attenuated renal dysfunction, morphological alterations and reduced elevated TBARS levels. The findings imply that ROS play a causal role in FERROUS SULFATE-induced renal injury, and quercetin exerts renoprotective effects probably by the radical scavenging and antioxidant activities.

Background: In this study, the FERROUS SULFATE was used to remove Cr(VI) and Ni(II) ions from a real Ni-Cr plating industry wastewater. Methods: This is an applied study. The type of sampling was composite by three 5 L containers. Wastewater chemical and physical characteristics were measured in accordance with the standard methods. The concentration of un-removed metal ions was estimated by ICP-OES. The Jar test was used to carry out the chemical coagulation experiment. The results indicated that the rate of removal depended on the pH of 1. 5-11, the diverse contact time of 30-120 min, and the coagulant measurement ranging from 0. 5-2 g/L. Results: The optimum removal of Cr(VI) ions was observed at a pH of 7 up to 83. 88% in 0. 5 g/L of coagulant for 40 min. While the optimum removal of Ni(II) ions was found at a pH of 5 up to 56. 33 % in 0. 5 g/L of coagulant for 40 min. The scanning electron microscopy results revealed the difference between the coagulant surface while coagulation. Also, the Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis showed the presence of Cr(VI) and Ni(II) ions on the surface of the FERROUS SULFATE after coagulation. Conclusion: Ultimately, the results indicated that FERROUS SULFATE could be an operative chemical coagulant to remove Cr(VI) and Ni(II) ions from the plating industry wastewater, especially for Cr(VI) particles. The results of this study can be a useful guide to the real plating industry wastewater treatment operators.

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the most common anemias, especially in children 4–, 23 months. Therefore, prophylaxis is necessary to improve iron status as well as reduce IDA in Toddlers. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of daily supplementation with FERROUS gluconate (FG) and FERROUS SULFATE (FS) on iron status in toddlers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 120 healthy toddlers were divided randomly into 2 groups at the Amir‑, Kabir Hospital, Arak, Iran and received FS and FG from March 2020 to December 2020. Iron status was evaluated at baseline and after 6 months of supplementation. The statistical significance of the differences in iron status between FS and FG groups was calculated using Student’, s t‑, test and the Pearson’,s Chi‑, square test for qualitative variables. SPSS software (version 16, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Comparison of iron status of FS and FG groups toddlers at baseline and after 6 months of supplementation showed that there was a significant difference in hemoglobin (Hb) (10. 46 vs. 12. 45, P = 0. 001) and ferritin level (28. 08 vs. 59. 63, P = 0. 001). CONCLUSIONS: Although prophylaxis with FG led to a higher Hb and ferritin levels, our study recommended that both FG and FS supplements were effective for prophylactic use in the prevention of IDA. However, FG was more effective than FS because FG group that received FG supplementation indicated a higher Hb and ferritin levels in comparison to the FS group that received FS supplementation.